Biocomposite hydrogel beads from glutaraldehyde-crosslinked phytochemicals in alginate for effective removal of methylene blue

Phytochemicals, i.e., flavonoids, phenolics, and anthocyanin, extracted from red cabbage, were crosslinked with alginate to prepare biocomposite hydrogel beads (BHB). The preparation of BHB involved three consecutive steps: (1) extraction solvent reduction phytochemicals (2) crosslinking into matrix using glutaraldehyde, (3) formation the in CaCl2 solution. resulting sorbents characterized scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. cross-section structure was confirmed SEM images. alteration FTIR peaks implied success phytochemical compounds alginate. adsorption equilibrium kinetic studies conducted basic blue 9 (BB9) as model adsorbate. characterization post-adsorption reveals functional groups adsorbent dye adsorption. calculated isotherm, kinetics, thermodynamic parameters show good agreement results adsorbate post-adsorption. isotherm is being congruence Langmuir model, highest capacity recorded 1442.0 mg g?1 at 323 K pH 11.0. Adsorption kinetics better fitted pseudo 1st order than 2nd Elovich models, which further support physisorption behavior. initial rate influenced by rapid surface followed intraparticle diffusion. spontaneity adsorption, proceeds endothermically. cost analysis shows economic feasibility sorbent production for applications.